On paper, the definition of a ‘dry wine’ is simple: a wine that offers no residual sugar or perceptible sweetness. But for many members of the wine industry, dryness in white wine is a complicated topic. “The question—sweet versus dry—is a bit humorous to me,” says Jeremy Carter, winemaker of Tarpon Cellars. “In winemaking, dryness is simply how much sugar is left at the end of fermentation. But there’s a disconnect with consumers: many equate the term to more of a drying sensation, whether that stems from acid or tannins.”
While a wine may be completely dry by definition, it may not feel dry. Like Carter mentioned, many drinkers equate ‘dryness’ to sensory characteristics, like oak presence or the absence of ripe fruit notes. Other flavors in a dry wine may mimic sweetness: ripe, juicy fruit, bright acids and subtle tannins.
So, how do you understand dryness in white wine? Below, we got sommeliers and winemakers to help you unpack the often-misused term.
What Does Sweetness Mean?
“Without getting too into chemistry, fermentation is when a bacteria (yeast) eats sugar and produces alcohol,” explains Colin Hofer, general manager of Adorn Bar & Restaurant. “When all the sugar is gone, the bacteria has nothing else to eat and it dies, leaving a dry wine with an absence of sugar.”
This is why many pros, like Jean-Benoît Issele, the chef-sommelier of Apéritif at Viceroy Bali, define dryness in wine by the length of fermentation. “The longer the process, the less natural sugars remain in the grapes,” he explains. “In a finished wine, this means the wine presents a dry taste. With sweeter wines, the fermentation process is shorter, resulting in more residual sugar in the grapes.”
Riesling
Bryce Faucheaux, wine director of Justine in New Orleans, finds Riesling is an excellent example of how to understand sweetness. Depending on style, “Riesling can be a sweet, botrytis-affected dessert wine from the Mosel in Germany, or it can be dry and mineral-driven from Alsace in France.”
If you search for a dry (or trocken) Riesling, you’ll be rewarded with a wildly food-friendly wine. “Riesling is my favorite grape, so I seek out a lot of bone-dry German Rieslings,” says Carter. “Those will be naturally high in acid and that combination makes for a perfect food wine in almost any situation.”
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Stirm 2020 Old Vine Wirz Vineyard Riesling (Cienega Valley)
Hollowed-out pear and orange peel aromas make for a unique and compelling nose on this bottling from a historic vineyard farmed by fourth-generation vintner Pat Wirz. The palate zips with energetic acidity through flavors of lime and more orange rind. 91 points. — Matt Kettmann
Mönchhof 2019 Riesling (Mosel)
Bold dashes of white pepper, ash and crushed stone go toe-to-toe with scintillating nectarine and grapefruit flavors here. Semi dry and richly extracted, it’s a powerfully ripe yet light-bodied Riesling balanced neatly by a brisk undertow of acidity. Best now–2025. 90 points. — Anna Lee C. Iijima
Pewsey Vale 2016 The Contours Museum Reserve Single Vineyard Estate Riesling (Eden Valley)
Intensely aromatic, this museum release Riesling, from old vines on a cool site, deftly demonstrates how excellently this variety ages. Honey roasted almonds, kerosene, lime oil and candied ginger progress to dry, concentrated palate. Long, harmonious and fresh, it tingles with still-racy acidity and heaps of lemon-lime and floral flavors. Drinking beautifully now but shows no sign of tiring. 94 points. — Christina Pickard
Gewurztraminer
Gewurztraminer is a shape-shifting grape. It can be used for hyper-sweet iterations with blossoming notes of sweet peach and lychee, or bone-dry wines with robust body, rich floral notes, a highly aromatic nose and low acidity (qualities which can trick drinkers into assuming the wine is sweet). Most frequently, Gewurztraminer is off-dry with a touch of sweetness.
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Lula 2022 Gewurztraminer (Anderson Valley)
This wine is bright, lively and lush with kiwi, pineapple, white nectarine and white peach. These intertwine with white pepper, chili flake, cumin, vanilla and lime zest, bringing a savory yet zippy expression to the finish. Pairings include sushi and curries from across the globe. 90 points. — Tonya Pitts
Champagne
Champagne is one of the easiest categories to navigate in terms of dryness: most bottles are labeled to indicate sugar levels. The driest are “brut nature,” “brut sauvage” and “zero-dosage,” all of which are bone-dry with no added sugar (“dosage “refers to adding sugar). “Extra brut” is one step down on the dryness scale with no sugar added during dosage; however, unlike the previously mentioned bone-dry Champagnes, can contain up to six grams of sugar. This is followed by “brut,” the most common style of Champagne on the market, which boasts just a hint of sweetness. “Doux” (very sweet) sits on the opposite side of the sugar spectrum.
Danya Degen, general manager of Meli in Washington D.C., advises drinkers to consider how they enjoy tartness when buying extra brut Champagne. “If you don’t love biting into a lemon or green apple, you won’t like a brut zero Champagne,” says Degen. “You might appreciate a little bit more fruit and sugar, like you’d find in a Brut.”
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Billecart-Salmon NV Extra Brut (Champagne)
The low dosage of this wine reveals the richness of the delicious fruit. Its acidity is well balanced with the white fruits, mineral texture and pure, crisp aftertaste. This delicious wine will benefit from a few more months in bottle. Drink from 2019. 88 points. — Roger Voss
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc often feels incredibly dry and there are a few reasons why: standard Sauvignon Blanc is medium-bodied, giving a bit of weight and body to the wine. This is always balanced out by acidity—mouth-puckering and grapefruit-driven when the wine hails from warmer climates like New Zealand, and flinty and savory when made in cooler locales like Sancerre in France’s Loire Valley. While most Sauvignon Blanc is made as a dry, still wine, sweet versions are common, including many Sauternes, the noted Bordelaise dessert wine that is often blended with Sauvignon Blanc.
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Bollini 2022 Sauvignon Blanc Sauvignon Blanc (Vigneti delle Dolomiti)
This sun-drenched alpine wine lifts out of the glass with aromas of citrus, white peach, and a hint of fresh-cut grass. Vibrant flavors of grapefruit, ripe pineapple, and a crushed stone flow off the palate, culminating in a refreshing and bright finish. 86 points. — Jeff Porter
Frey 2022 Sauvignon Blanc (North Coast)
This light-bodied, simple Sauv Blanc has a little spritz to the palate that gives an extra dose of energy alongside the chirpy-high acid. Enjoy notes of cut grass, water lily, lychee, rose water and white grape. 87 points. — Stacy Briscoe
Jules Taylor 2023 Sauvignon Blanc (Marlborough)
Leaning on the green veg side of the fence, this is a bombastic-yet-harmonious combo of freshly sliced green bell pepper, string bean, seashell, lime granita and passion fruit aromas. There’s lively acidity and some lovely texture to boot. 91 points. — C.P.
Malvasia
Malvasia, one of Italy’s most important white grapes, can be found in both dry and sweet styles such as Vin Santo or Madeira. When finished in a dry style, Malvasia is wonderfully aromatic and lifted. “I find Malvasia tends to have aromas ranging from tangerine, jasmine, apricot and quince, to tamarind and Earl Gray tea,” says Bruce Devlin, who works with Malvasia at Ballentine Vineyards in Napa Valley. “Malvasia tends to have a low pH and good acidity. It’s crispier than your typical Napa Valley white wines!” He appreciates Malvasia’s ability to cut through the spice and richness in Thai food and the char of grilled octopus.
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Schiopetto 2018 Malvasia (Collio)
Yellow spring flower, Meyer lemon and white stone fruit aromas form the delicate nose along with a whiff of thyme. On the savory, vibrant palate, hazelnut and bread dough notes accent ripe yellow pear and white peach before a tangy mineral close suggesting briny oyster shell. 90 points. —Kerin O’Keefe
Chardonnay
While almost all Chardonnay is made in a dry style, the grape’s prevailing characteristics can vary from vintner to vintner. Some are bone-dry and rich, while some Chardonnay showcases fruity notes, such as apple or lemon zest. When Chardonnay is aged in oak, those fruit characteristics turn into notes of vanilla or toast.
Wine Enthusiast recommends:
Château de Fuissé 2020 Le Clos Monopole Premier Cru (Pouilly-Fuissé)
A brilliant wine full of Meyer lemon, acacia, sweet butter, vanilla and flaky salt aromas. The palate offers a beautiful melding of ripe lemon skins, honeysuckle, sweet spices and brown butter. Uplifting acidity elongate these notes through the finish, creating an elegant expression for this textured wine. 93 points. — Anna-Christina Cabrales
Bouchaine 2021 Hyde Vineyard Chardonnay (Carneros-Napa Valley)
This plump, buttery, full-bodied wine is broad and mouthfilling. It exudes delicious butterscotch, vanilla bean and baked apples all the way through a lingering, pastry-like finish. 94 points. — Jim Gordon
Madson 2021 Misty Gulch Vineyard Chardonnay (Santa Cruz Mountains)
Tightly alkaline aromas of chalk and lime pith meet with crushed sandstone and a hint of citrus on the nose of this bottling. The palate is all about the firm structural grip, which weaves through flavors of almond and lemon peel. 93 points. — M.K.
What Does it Mean When a Recipe Calls for a ‘Dry White Wine’?
The same rules for pairing wine with a meal factor into using it in recipes. “The nice thing about dry white wines is that they are so flexible in terms of food,” says Carter. “You can pair them with fatty foods because the acid and tannin will stand up to meat or cut into the richness of a cheese or dessert. You can pair them with lighter foods—they won’t overwhelm delicate flavors like oysters or roasted vegetables.”
If you’d prefer to incorporate white wine into the dish instead of alongside it, dry wine is equally versatile. Use dry wine for deglazing and making pan sauces, braising larger portions of meat or reducing liquids.
The biggest factor to consider: cooking wine concentrates its flavor. Sweet white wines will get sweeter and wines with driving acidity will only get more tart. (The same guidelines go for reds: avoid overly oaked bottles or intensely jammy or floral characteristics, which will only get more concentrated and bitter as they cook.)
When choosing a dry wine for cooking, a good rule of thumb is if it’s good enough to drink, it’s suitable for your food. But compared to your drinking wines, you don’t have to be as discerning with cooking wines—something under $20 will certainly do.
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